The rapid expansion of cities during the Industrial Revolution resulted in which significant issues?

The rapid expansion of cities during the Industrial Revolution led to significant issues primarily characterized by overcrowding, unsanitary living conditions, and the development of slums. As people flocked to urban areas in search of jobs in factories, cities grew at an unprecedented rate, often outpacing the ability of local governments and infrastructure to accommodate the influx of residents.

Overcrowding was rampant, as housing was built quickly and cheaply to meet demand, frequently leading to cramped living conditions that could not support the number of inhabitants. Families often found themselves in small rooms or shared spaces, dramatically compromising their quality of life.

Additionally, sanitation infrastructure lagged behind this rapid urbanization. Waste management systems were insufficient, and clean water sources were not easily accessible, resulting in polluted environments that posed serious health risks to residents. Such conditions contributed to the rise of slums, where many impoverished workers lived amid poor ventilation, limited access to clean water, and inadequate waste disposal.

In contrast, the other options do not accurately reflect the realities faced during this period. Improvements in sanitation or housing did not keep pace with the population surge, job opportunities were often limited and poorly compensated, and transportation systems, while developing, were frequently inadequate to meet the needs of a growing urban