What is meant by "urbanization" in the context of the Industrial Revolution?

Urbanization, in the context of the Industrial Revolution, refers to the significant movement of populations from rural areas to cities. This phenomenon was a direct consequence of industrialization, which created numerous job opportunities in urban centers as factories sprang up. As people sought better economic prospects and living conditions, they migrated to cities in large numbers.

This shift transformed societies, leading to the growth of urban areas and changes in social dynamics, infrastructure, and environments. The influx of people also prompted the development of new housing, transportation systems, and public services to accommodate the rising city populations. Urbanization thus represents a key characteristic of the Industrial Revolution, reflecting how industrial advancements altered the demographic landscape of nations and facilitated the transition from agrarian-based economies to industrialized urban economies.

The other options present misunderstandings of urbanization during this period. The decline of city populations, the return to agrarian lifestyles, and an increase in agricultural output do not capture the essence of urbanization, which focuses on movement towards cities and urban growth spurred by industrial development.